Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Bad Cannstatt shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Bad Cannstatt offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Bad Cannstatt at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Bad Cannstatt? Wrong! If the Bad Cannstatt is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Bad Cannstatt then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Bad Cannstatt? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Bad Cannstatt and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Bad Cannstatt wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Bad Cannstatt then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Bad Cannstatt site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Bad Cannstatt, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Bad Cannstatt, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
{{Infobox German Location|Art = Stadt|image_photo = Stg-schlossplatz-kunstmuseum.jpg|imagesize = |image_caption = Stuttgart Schlossplatz (Castle square)|Wappen = Coat of arms of Stuttgart.svg|lat_deg = 48 |lat_min = 46 |lat_sec = 43|lon_deg = 09 |lon_min = 10 |lon_sec = 46|Lageplan =|Bundesland = Baden-Württemberg|Regierungsbezirk = Stuttgart|Landkreis = Stadtkreis|Höhe = 245|Fläche = 207.36|Einwohner = 593923|Metropolitan area = 2700000|Stand = 2006-12-31|pop_ref = Population and area data from Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg|PLZ = 70173–70619|PLZ-alt = 7000|Vorwahl = 0711|Kfz = S|Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 1 11 000|LOCODE = DE STR|Gliederung = 23 districts|Adresse = Marktplatz 1
70173 Stuttgart|Website = www.stuttgart.de|Bürgermeister = Wolfgang Schuster|Bürgermeistertitel= Oberbürgermeister|Partei = CDU|year = 10th century-->
Stuttgart (International Phonetic Alphabet: ) is the capital of the state of
Baden-Württemberg in southern
Germany. The sixth-largest
city in Germany, Stuttgart has a population of 593,639 (as of
April 30 2006), while the metropolitan
Stuttgart Region has a population of 4.6 million.
Coat of Arms
The coat of arms of Stuttgart shows a black, rampant horse on a yellow or golden field. It is a canting arms due to the fact that the name "Stuttgart" is an over the centuries modified version of "Stutengarten", in English roughly "mare garden" or "
stud farm". This is due to the origin of the city as a horse stable in the
10th century, where horses were bred for cavalry (see
History).
It is sometimes suggested that both the Italy car factory Ferrari and the city's own firm
Porsche designed part of their logos after the model of Stuttgart's coat of arms.
History
Ca.
950, Stuttgart was founded by Duke Liudolf, Duke of Swabia of
Swabia, one of the sons of Holy Roman Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, and used for horse breeding (especially for his father's cavalry, see
Battle of Lechfeld).
Ca.
1300, Stuttgart became the residence of the Counts of
Württemberg. In
1496, the counts were promoted to dukes by the
Holy Roman Emperor. During
Napoleon I of France breakup of the Holy Roman Empire, the Dukes of Württemberg received the title of kings in 1805 and Stuttgart became a royal residence.
The name of the royal family of Württemberg and of the state originates from a steep Stuttgart hill, formerly known as Wirtemberg, nowadays called Württemberg. On top of that hill, the mausoleum from 1824 of Queen Katharina (daughter of
Tsar Paul I of Russia) and King William I of Württemberg is located.
During the The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, a democratic pan-German national parliament (
Frankfurt Parliament) was formed in Frankfurt to overcome the division of Germany. After long discussions, the parliament decided to offer the title of German Emperor to King
Frederick William IV of Prussia. Since the democratic movement became weaker, the German princes regained control of their independent states. Finally the Prussian king declined the revolutionaries' offer. The members of parliament were driven out of Frankfurt, and the most radical members (those who wanted to establish a republic) fled to Stuttgart. A short while later, this
rump parliament was dissolved by the Württemberg military.
In
1871, as an autonomous kingdom, Württemberg joined the German Empire, created by Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia, during the
unification of Germany. After
World War I, the monarchy broke down and the Free State of Württemberg was established, as a part of the Weimar Republic. In
1920, Stuttgart was the seat of the German National Government (since the administration had to flee from Berlin, see
Kapp Putsch). During World War II, the city center of Stuttgart was nearly completely destroyed due to
Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II.
In
1945 the Allied Forces took control of Germany. They merged parts of the former German States of Baden Germany and
Württemberg and later in
1952 on the new, democratic state Baden-Württemberg (3rd largest German state) with Stuttgart as its capital was created by a referendum.
After World War II, an early concept of the Marshall Plan to support the reconstruction and economic/political recovery of Europe was presented during a speech given by US Secretary of State
James F. Byrnes at the Stuttgart Opera House (
September 6,
1946). This speech led directly to the unification of the British and American occupation zones, resulting in the so called bi-zone. Two years later, the French also joined the bi-zone, creating the tri-zone and thereby paving the way for the foundation of the West Germany. Stuttgart, like
Frankfurt, was a serious contender to become the federal capital, but finally Bonn succeeded.
In the late 1970s, the city district of Stammheim was center stage of one of the most controversial periods of German post-war history: The Red Army Faction trial at the Stammheim high-security court and the subsequent suicides of Ulrike Meinhof, Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin and Jan-Carl Raspe (all imprisoned in the Stammheim jail). The trial and the period thereafter were accompanied by several new terrorist assaults to liberate the inmates (
German Autumn 1977 including the abduction and murder of the German industrialist and President of the German Employers' Association Hanns Martin Schleyer and the hijacking of Landshut Hijacking, redirecting the jet to Mogadishu).
During the Cold War, the joint command center of all United States military forces in Europe, Africa and the Atlantic was moved to Stuttgart (US European Command, EUCOM). EUCOM is still headquartered there today. U.S. Army bases in and around Stuttgart include or included the following: Patch Barracks (HQ EUCOM), Robinson Barracks,
Kelley Barracks (General Patton's son once lived there).
Geography
Stuttgart lies close to both the Black Forest and the Swabian Jura. The city center, situated in a lush valley, ringed with vineyards and forests, close to the River Neckar, covers an area of . Stuttgart with its metropolitan area (the political entity "
Stuttgart Region" enlarged by the nearby cities of Ludwigsburg,
Böblingen, Esslingen, Waiblingen,
Göppingen and their respective districts) is one of the most prominent and well-known German towns, especially due to its cultural, administrative and economic importance.
The Stuttgart Region is the nation's fourth largest
conurbation (behind Ruhr Area, Rhine/Main Area and Berlin). Neighbouring large cities are
Frankfurt (210 km north of Stuttgart), Nuremberg (200 km northeast of Stuttgart) and Munich (220 km southeast of Stuttgart).
The city of Stuttgart is subdivided into 23 city districts, among the most well-known are:
- Bad Cannstatt (Western Europe's largest mineral spas / Zoo Wilhelma / "Cannstatter Wasen" and "Stuttgarter Frühlingsfest" on the Cannstatter Wasen / Home of VfB Stuttgart)
- Degerloch (Fernsehturm Stuttgart / Home of Stuttgarter Kickers)
- Möhringen (Musical Theaters)
- Stammheim Prison (High-security court & jail, see Red Army Faction terrorists)
- Untertürkheim (DaimlerChrysler HQ and original Mercedes-Benz plant)
- Vaihingen (One of two campuses of Stuttgart's university, Patch Barracks in Europe. Stuttgart-Vaihingen should not be confused with nearby Vaihingen)
- Zuffenhausen (Porsche HQ)
- Stuttgart-Feuerbach (Home of the original Robert Bosch GmbH plant)
- Botnang (Original home of Jürgen Klinsmann)
Stuttgart is also the seat of a
Protestantism bishop (Protestant State Church of Württemberg) and one of the two co-seats of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Church diocese Rottenburg-Stuttgart. The Stuttgart-based Pentecostalism
Biblische Glaubens-Gemeinde is the largest evangelical
megachurch in Germany.
Economy
Approximately 150,000 companies are located in the Stuttgart region. The area is known for its high-tech industry; some of its most prominent companies include
Daimler AG,
Porsche,
Robert Bosch GmbH,
Celesio, Hewlett-Packard and International Business Machines all of whom located their world or German headquarters here. In fact, the Porsche badge, as seen on the front of Porsche cars has this town's name in the centre of the badge, something that is unique amongst the world's vehicle makers.
The cradle of the automobile
The motorbike and four-wheel automobile were invented in Stuttgart (by Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz; industrialised in 1887 by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach at the
Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft). As a result it is considered by many to be the starting point of the worldwide automotive industry, and is referred to as "The cradle of the automobile". Mercedes-Benz,
Porsche and Maybach are all produced in Stuttgart and nearby towns. The very first prototypes of the VW Beetle were manufactured in Stuttgart, based on a design by
Ferdinand Porsche.
The region currently has Germany's highest density of scientific, academic and research organizations, and tops the national league for patent applications. More than 11% of all R&D-expenses in the Federal Republic of Germany are generated in the Stuttgart Region (approximately 4.3 billion Euro per year). In addition to several universities and colleges (i.a.
University of Stuttgart, University of Hohenheim and the several branches of the University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart), the area has six institutes of the
Fraunhofer Society, four institutes for collaborative industrial research at local universities, two
Max Planck Society, as well as one large-scale research centre—the German Aerospace Centre (DLR).
Stuttgart holds top place of all European Union regions according to the share of employment in high-tech and medium-high tech manufacturing with a figure of 21.0% (2001 data from Eurostat).
The Stuttgart Stock Exchange is the second largest in Germany (second only to Frankfurt Stock Exchange) and important financial companies are headquartered in Stuttgart (e.g. LBBW Bank or Wüstenrot&Württembergische, and Allianz Life Insurance), as well. In addition to these global players, the Stuttgart economy consists of many highly versatile and dynamic medium-sized enterprises (the so-called "
Mittelstand").
Furthermore, Stuttgart is still one of Germany's largest wine-growing towns with a century-long tradition and is situated at the geographic center of the "Württemberg Wine Growing Area" (110.30 km², one of 13 official German growing areas, according to the German Wine Law), and also celebrates an annual wine festival called "weindorf". Stuttgart is also home to several famous breweries, such as Stuttgarter Hofbräu, Dinkelacker, and Schwabenbräu.
Transportation
Local transport
Stuttgart has a
light rail system, known as the
Stuttgart Stadtbahn, which has incrementally replaced the city's tram lines. In the city centre as well as in other densely built-up districts of the city, the Stadtbahn runs underground and uses the "U"-symbol (for
Untergrund). One regular
tram service still operates in the city, together with a couple of heritage routes. Stuttgart also has a large
bus network. The Stadtbahn, trams and buses are operated by the Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen AG (SSB), the local public transport operator.
Stuttgart, like other cities in Germany, is also served by a rapid transit system called the
Stuttgart S-Bahn, which operates on the rails of the national Deutsche Bahn (DBAG). Although the S-Bahn is operated by a subsidiary company of the DBAG, rather than the SSB, both undertakings are part of the regional transport cooperative, the Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund Stuttgart (VVS), which coordinates tickets and fares among all transport operators in the metropolitan area.
A peculiarity of Stuttgart is the
Rack Railway Stuttgart, a rack railway operating from Marienplatz in the heart of the city to the Degerloch district; it is the only urban rack railway in Germany and is powered by electricity. Furthermore, there is the
Standseilbahn Stuttgart, a
funicular that operates in the city's Heslach district to the forest cemetery (Waldfriedhof), employing cars built of wood. In the
Killesberg Park, on a prominent hill in the city, there is the
Killesberg railway run by diesel (and on weekends with steam).
Air links
Stuttgart is served by Stuttgart Airport (in German
Flughafen Stuttgart), which is an international airport located approximately 8 miles (13 km) south of the city center in the neighbouring town of Leinfelden-Echterdingen. The airport is within 30 minutes travelling time from the city using S-Bahn lines S2 or S3. The airport is adjacent to the Autobahn A8.
Rail links
Stuttgart is a hub in the
InterCityExpress and InterCity networks of Deutsche Bahn (DBAG), with through services to
Berlin and most other major German cities. There are also international services to Strasbourg,
Paris, Vienna and
Zurich. These long distance trains call at Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof, the city's main line terminus. In June 2007, an
SNCF-operated high speed (TGV) service was inaugurated between Stuttgart and Paris four times a day, with a journey time of 3 hours 40 minutes.
The Hauptbahnhof terminus is also used by DBAG's
RegionalExpress and
RegionalBahn regional services, which do serve other stations in the Stuttgart metropolitan area. Below the terminus are separate underground stations on the city's two local rail networks, the S-Bahn and the Stadtbahn.
Stuttgart is also a rail freight center, with
classification yard and a container terminal at Stuttgart Obertürkheim.
Road links
The motorway
Autobahn Bundesautobahn 8 (Luxemburg -
Saarbrücken -
Karlsruhe - Stuttgart - Munich - Salzburg -
Vienna) forms the southern boundary of the city. The city is also served by the Autobahns A81 (
Zürich – Singen – Würzburg –
Hamburg) and A831.
Waterway links
The city has an inland port at
Stuttgart Hedelfingen on the Neckar.
People, culture, and architecture
Zoo and Botanical Garden, around 1900, Germany's largest Baroque Palace
Stuttgart is known for its cultural life, in particular the
Staatstheater and
Staatsgalerie Stuttgart. The Staatstheater contains an opera house and three smaller theaters, where opera, ballet, theatre and concerts are produced. The Staatstheater was awarded the title "Theatre of the year" (Germany/Austria/Switzerland) in 2006. The world-renowned Stuttgart Opera won the prestigious "Opera of the year" (Germany/Austria/Switzerland) award six times: 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002 and again in 2006. The famous Stuttgart Ballet is connected to names like John Cranko and Marcia Haydée. The city also offers two broadway-style Musical theaters, the Apollo and the Palladium Theater (each approx. 1800 seats).
Stuttgart's Swabian cuisine, beer and wine (produced in the area since the 1600s) are also well known. The
Gaisburger Marsch, a stew, was invented in Stuttgarts district Gaisburg. Stuttgart hosts the world-famous annual
Stuttgart Beer Festival; it is second in size only to the
Oktoberfest in
Munich. The
Christmas Market of Stuttgart is the largest (more than 3.6 million visitors in 2006) and one of the oldest and most beautiful in Europe, especially renowned for the abundant decorations.
Stuttgart is home to the Württembergische Landesbibliothek (WLB) state library.
Stuttgart's city center was heavily damaged during World War II and its aftermath. Nevertheless, many historic buildings have been reconstructed, and the city boasts of some fine pieces of modern post-war architecture.
The famous "Wilhelma" is Germany's only combined zoological and botanical garden. The whole compound was built around 1850 as a summer palace in moorish style for King Wilhelm I of
Württemberg. Close to the Wilhelma, there are the Stuttgart city districts of
Bad Cannstatt and Berg which are the second largest mineral spas in Europe (only surpassed by
Budapest).
Other important towns in the Stuttgart Region are
Ludwigsburg with its enormous Ludwigsburg Palace,
Sindelfingen and
Esslingen am Neckar.
Sports
In 1992, VfB Stuttgart (a leading Fußball-Bundesliga soccer team) claimed the first German Championship title after the reunification of the soccer federations of West and East Germany (its fourth championship overall). The fifth title was won in 2007, celebrated by 250.000 people when bringing the trophy to the city. The team will thus participate in the 2007/08 season of the UEFA Champions League.
The city also has a reputation for organizing other major sports events. It hosted the
1993 World Championships in Athletics and many other world and European championships of all kind of sports. It was one of the twelve host cities of the
FIFA World Cup 2006. Six matches, including the 3rd and 4th place playoff were played at the Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion. Stuttgart is also 2007 "European Capital of Sports" European Capital of Sport 2007, hosting events such as the 2007
World Cycling Championship Road Race and the IAAF_World_Athletics_Final.
Stuttgart's third division football club,
Stuttgarter Kickers, host its matches at a pure football stadium ("Gazi Stadium"), close to the city's TV tower, in the city district of Degerloch. That stadium is also the home ground of the German first division American Football team
Stuttgart Scorpions.
Sportfreunde Stuttgart are another lower-division football team. They are most famous for taking part in the
Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy in 1908, considered the first
World Cup. Lipton Trophy
Sister cities
- Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, since 1988
- Cardiff, Wales, since 1955
- St. Louis, Missouri, USA, since 1960
- Strasbourg, France, since 1962
- Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), India, since 1968
- Menzel Bourguiba, Tunisia, since 1971
- Cairo, Egypt, since 1979
- Łódź, Poland, since 1988
- Ogaki, Japan, since 1988
- Brno, Czech Republic, since 1989
Notable residents
Notable people born in Stuttgart or residents who influenced the history of the city:
- Rosalie Abella - Justice, Supreme Court of Canada
- Günther Behnisch - architect
- Robert Bosch - inventor (founded the Robert Bosch GmbH)
- Gottlieb Daimler - inventor of the motorbike and automobile, founded what would become Mercedes-Benz
- Roland Emmerich - film producer, director and writer
- Gerhard Ertl - Nobel Prize laureate in chemistry 2007
- Bernd Glemser - international concert pianist
- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - philosopher
- Theodor Heuss - First German Post-War President
- Jürgen Klinsmann - football player, former coach of the German football squad
- Helmut Lachenmann - composer
- Mark Landler - New York Times European economic correspondent
- Hermann Lang - Grand Prix race car driver
- Fritz Leonhardt - structural engineer
- Wilhelm Maybach - inventor together with Gottlieb Daimler
- Frei Otto - architect
- Ferdinand Porsche - creator of the VW Beetle, founder of the Porsche car company
- Manfred Rommel - Mayor of Stuttgart 1974-1996, son of Erwin Rommel
- Friedrich von Schiller - famous German poet
- Peter Schilling - popular musician and Neue Deutsche Welle artist
- Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg - member of the German Resistance who July 20 Plot
- Bernard Tomic - Tennis child prodigy
- Richard von Weizsäcker - German President, Mayor of Berlin
Gallery
Image:Stuttgart Weinsteige.jpg|City Center seen from Weinsteige RoadImage:Stuttgart SchlossSolitude.jpg|
Castle SolitudeImage:Fernsehturm stuttgart.jpg]Image:S Weissenhof.jpg|The
Weissenhof Estate in 1927
External links
- Official homepage of Stuttgart
- Official Stuttgart Tourist Board
- Stuttgart International Airport
- Stuttgart Public Transportation System
- Stuttgarter Staatstheater official site, including the Staatsoper Stuttgart
- University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim official site
- University of Stuttgart official site
- Stuttgart Media University
- University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart official site
- Evangelische Landeskirche in Württemberg - Stuttgart
- Weissenhof Estate (Gropius, Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe)
- Daimler Stadium Stuttgart official site
- Stuttgart Metropolitan Forum
- War and Holocaust memorials in Stuttgart at the Sites of Memory webpage
References
{{Infobox German Location|Art = Stadt|image_photo = Stg-schlossplatz-kunstmuseum.jpg|imagesize = |image_caption = Stuttgart Schlossplatz (Castle square)|Wappen = Coat of arms of Stuttgart.svg|lat_deg = 48 |lat_min = 46 |lat_sec = 43|lon_deg = 09 |lon_min = 10 |lon_sec = 46|Lageplan =|Bundesland = Baden-Württemberg|Regierungsbezirk = Stuttgart|Landkreis = Stadtkreis|Höhe = 245|Fläche = 207.36|Einwohner = 593923|Metropolitan area = 2700000|Stand = 2006-12-31|pop_ref = Population and area data from Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg|PLZ = 70173–70619|PLZ-alt = 7000|Vorwahl = 0711|Kfz = S|Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 1 11 000|LOCODE = DE STR|Gliederung = 23 districts|Adresse = Marktplatz 1
70173 Stuttgart|Website = www.stuttgart.de|Bürgermeister = Wolfgang Schuster|Bürgermeistertitel= Oberbürgermeister|Partei = CDU|year = 10th century-->
Stuttgart (
International Phonetic Alphabet: ) is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern
Germany. The sixth-largest city in Germany, Stuttgart has a population of 593,639 (as of April 30 2006), while the metropolitan
Stuttgart Region has a population of 4.6 million.
Coat of Arms
The coat of arms of Stuttgart shows a black, rampant horse on a yellow or golden field. It is a
canting arms due to the fact that the name "Stuttgart" is an over the centuries modified version of "Stutengarten", in English roughly "mare garden" or "
stud farm". This is due to the origin of the city as a horse stable in the
10th century, where horses were bred for cavalry (see
History).
It is sometimes suggested that both the
Italy car factory
Ferrari and the city's own firm Porsche designed part of their logos after the model of Stuttgart's coat of arms.
History
Ca. 950, Stuttgart was founded by Duke
Liudolf, Duke of Swabia of Swabia, one of the sons of Holy Roman Emperor
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, and used for horse breeding (especially for his father's cavalry, see Battle of Lechfeld).
Ca.
1300, Stuttgart became the residence of the Counts of
Württemberg. In
1496, the counts were promoted to dukes by the Holy Roman Emperor. During
Napoleon I of France breakup of the Holy Roman Empire, the Dukes of Württemberg received the title of kings in 1805 and Stuttgart became a royal residence.
The name of the royal family of Württemberg and of the state originates from a steep Stuttgart hill, formerly known as Wirtemberg, nowadays called Württemberg. On top of that hill, the mausoleum from 1824 of Queen Katharina (daughter of Tsar
Paul I of Russia) and King William I of Württemberg is located.
During the
The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, a democratic pan-German national parliament (Frankfurt Parliament) was formed in
Frankfurt to overcome the division of Germany. After long discussions, the parliament decided to offer the title of German Emperor to King
Frederick William IV of Prussia. Since the democratic movement became weaker, the German princes regained control of their independent states. Finally the Prussian king declined the revolutionaries' offer. The members of parliament were driven out of Frankfurt, and the most radical members (those who wanted to establish a republic) fled to Stuttgart. A short while later, this
rump parliament was dissolved by the Württemberg military.
In
1871, as an autonomous kingdom, Württemberg joined the
German Empire, created by
Otto von Bismarck,
Prime Minister of Prussia, during the
unification of Germany. After
World War I, the monarchy broke down and the Free State of Württemberg was established, as a part of the
Weimar Republic. In
1920, Stuttgart was the seat of the German National Government (since the administration had to flee from Berlin, see Kapp Putsch). During
World War II, the city center of Stuttgart was nearly completely destroyed due to
Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II.
In
1945 the Allied Forces took control of Germany. They merged parts of the former German States of Baden Germany and Württemberg and later in 1952 on the new, democratic state Baden-Württemberg (3rd largest German state) with Stuttgart as its capital was created by a referendum.
After World War II, an early concept of the
Marshall Plan to support the reconstruction and economic/political recovery of Europe was presented during a speech given by US Secretary of State
James F. Byrnes at the Stuttgart Opera House (
September 6, 1946). This speech led directly to the unification of the British and American occupation zones, resulting in the so called bi-zone. Two years later, the French also joined the bi-zone, creating the tri-zone and thereby paving the way for the foundation of the
West Germany. Stuttgart, like Frankfurt, was a serious contender to become the federal capital, but finally Bonn succeeded.
In the late 1970s, the city district of Stammheim was center stage of one of the most controversial periods of German post-war history: The
Red Army Faction trial at the Stammheim high-security court and the subsequent suicides of Ulrike Meinhof,
Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin and Jan-Carl Raspe (all imprisoned in the Stammheim jail). The trial and the period thereafter were accompanied by several new terrorist assaults to liberate the inmates (
German Autumn 1977 including the abduction and murder of the German industrialist and President of the German Employers' Association
Hanns Martin Schleyer and the hijacking of
Landshut Hijacking, redirecting the jet to
Mogadishu).
During the Cold War, the joint command center of all United States military forces in Europe, Africa and the Atlantic was moved to Stuttgart (US European Command, EUCOM). EUCOM is still headquartered there today. U.S. Army bases in and around Stuttgart include or included the following:
Patch Barracks (HQ EUCOM), Robinson Barracks,
Kelley Barracks (General Patton's son once lived there).
Geography
Stuttgart lies close to both the Black Forest and the
Swabian Jura. The city center, situated in a lush valley, ringed with vineyards and forests, close to the River
Neckar, covers an area of . Stuttgart with its metropolitan area (the political entity "Stuttgart Region" enlarged by the nearby cities of
Ludwigsburg,
Böblingen,
Esslingen,
Waiblingen,
Göppingen and their respective districts) is one of the most prominent and well-known German towns, especially due to its cultural, administrative and economic importance.
The Stuttgart Region is the nation's fourth largest conurbation (behind Ruhr Area, Rhine/Main Area and Berlin). Neighbouring large cities are
Frankfurt (210 km north of Stuttgart),
Nuremberg (200 km northeast of Stuttgart) and
Munich (220 km southeast of Stuttgart).
The city of Stuttgart is subdivided into 23 city districts, among the most well-known are:
- Bad Cannstatt (Western Europe's largest mineral spas / Zoo Wilhelma / "Cannstatter Wasen" and "Stuttgarter Frühlingsfest" on the Cannstatter Wasen / Home of VfB Stuttgart)
- Degerloch (Fernsehturm Stuttgart / Home of Stuttgarter Kickers)
- Möhringen (Musical Theaters)
- Stammheim Prison (High-security court & jail, see Red Army Faction terrorists)
- Untertürkheim (DaimlerChrysler HQ and original Mercedes-Benz plant)
- Vaihingen (One of two campuses of Stuttgart's university, Patch Barracks in Europe. Stuttgart-Vaihingen should not be confused with nearby Vaihingen)
- Zuffenhausen (Porsche HQ)
- Stuttgart-Feuerbach (Home of the original Robert Bosch GmbH plant)
- Botnang (Original home of Jürgen Klinsmann)
Stuttgart is also the seat of a
Protestantism bishop (Protestant State Church of Württemberg) and one of the two co-seats of the bishop of the Roman Catholic Church diocese Rottenburg-Stuttgart. The Stuttgart-based Pentecostalism
Biblische Glaubens-Gemeinde is the largest evangelical megachurch in Germany.
Economy
Approximately 150,000 companies are located in the Stuttgart region. The area is known for its high-tech industry; some of its most prominent companies include
Daimler AG, Porsche,
Robert Bosch GmbH,
Celesio, Hewlett-Packard and
International Business Machines all of whom located their world or German headquarters here. In fact, the Porsche badge, as seen on the front of Porsche cars has this town's name in the centre of the badge, something that is unique amongst the world's vehicle makers.
The cradle of the automobile
The motorbike and four-wheel automobile were invented in Stuttgart (by Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz; industrialised in 1887 by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach at the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft). As a result it is considered by many to be the starting point of the worldwide automotive industry, and is referred to as "The cradle of the automobile". Mercedes-Benz,
Porsche and Maybach are all produced in Stuttgart and nearby towns. The very first prototypes of the VW Beetle were manufactured in Stuttgart, based on a design by Ferdinand Porsche.
The region currently has Germany's highest density of scientific, academic and research organizations, and tops the national league for patent applications. More than 11% of all R&D-expenses in the Federal Republic of Germany are generated in the Stuttgart Region (approximately 4.3 billion Euro per year). In addition to several universities and colleges (i.a. University of Stuttgart,
University of Hohenheim and the several branches of the University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart), the area has six institutes of the Fraunhofer Society, four institutes for collaborative industrial research at local universities, two
Max Planck Society, as well as one large-scale research centre—the German Aerospace Centre (DLR).
Stuttgart holds top place of all European Union regions according to the share of employment in high-tech and medium-high tech manufacturing with a figure of 21.0% (2001 data from Eurostat).
The Stuttgart Stock Exchange is the second largest in Germany (second only to Frankfurt Stock Exchange) and important financial companies are headquartered in Stuttgart (e.g. LBBW Bank or Wüstenrot&Württembergische, and Allianz Life Insurance), as well. In addition to these global players, the Stuttgart economy consists of many highly versatile and dynamic medium-sized enterprises (the so-called "Mittelstand").
Furthermore, Stuttgart is still one of Germany's largest wine-growing towns with a century-long tradition and is situated at the geographic center of the "Württemberg Wine Growing Area" (110.30 km², one of 13 official German growing areas, according to the German Wine Law), and also celebrates an annual wine festival called "weindorf". Stuttgart is also home to several famous breweries, such as Stuttgarter Hofbräu, Dinkelacker, and Schwabenbräu.
Transportation
Local transport
Stuttgart has a light rail system, known as the
Stuttgart Stadtbahn, which has incrementally replaced the city's tram lines. In the city centre as well as in other densely built-up districts of the city, the Stadtbahn runs underground and uses the "U"-symbol (for
Untergrund). One regular
tram service still operates in the city, together with a couple of heritage routes. Stuttgart also has a large bus network. The Stadtbahn, trams and buses are operated by the Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen AG (SSB), the local public transport operator.
Stuttgart, like other cities in Germany, is also served by a rapid transit system called the Stuttgart S-Bahn, which operates on the rails of the national Deutsche Bahn (DBAG). Although the S-Bahn is operated by a subsidiary company of the DBAG, rather than the SSB, both undertakings are part of the regional transport cooperative, the
Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund Stuttgart (VVS), which coordinates tickets and fares among all transport operators in the metropolitan area.
A peculiarity of Stuttgart is the Rack Railway Stuttgart, a
rack railway operating from Marienplatz in the heart of the city to the Degerloch district; it is the only urban rack railway in Germany and is powered by electricity. Furthermore, there is the
Standseilbahn Stuttgart, a funicular that operates in the city's Heslach district to the forest cemetery (Waldfriedhof), employing cars built of wood. In the Killesberg Park, on a prominent hill in the city, there is the
Killesberg railway run by diesel (and on weekends with steam).
Air links
Stuttgart is served by
Stuttgart Airport (in German
Flughafen Stuttgart), which is an international airport located approximately 8 miles (13 km) south of the city center in the neighbouring town of Leinfelden-Echterdingen. The airport is within 30 minutes travelling time from the city using S-Bahn lines S2 or S3. The airport is adjacent to the Autobahn A8.
Rail links
Stuttgart is a hub in the
InterCityExpress and InterCity networks of Deutsche Bahn (DBAG), with through services to Berlin and most other major German cities. There are also international services to Strasbourg,
Paris, Vienna and
Zurich. These long distance trains call at Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof, the city's main line terminus. In June 2007, an SNCF-operated high speed (TGV) service was inaugurated between Stuttgart and Paris four times a day, with a journey time of 3 hours 40 minutes.
The Hauptbahnhof terminus is also used by DBAG's
RegionalExpress and
RegionalBahn regional services, which do serve other stations in the Stuttgart metropolitan area. Below the terminus are separate underground stations on the city's two local rail networks, the S-Bahn and the Stadtbahn.
Stuttgart is also a rail freight center, with classification yard and a
container terminal at
Stuttgart Obertürkheim.
Road links
The motorway
Autobahn Bundesautobahn 8 (
Luxemburg -
Saarbrücken -
Karlsruhe - Stuttgart - Munich - Salzburg - Vienna) forms the southern boundary of the city. The city is also served by the Autobahns A81 (Zürich – Singen –
Würzburg – Hamburg) and A831.
Waterway links
The city has an inland port at
Stuttgart Hedelfingen on the
Neckar.
People, culture, and architecture
Zoo and Botanical Garden, around 1900, Germany's largest Baroque Palace
Stuttgart is known for its cultural life, in particular the Staatstheater and Staatsgalerie Stuttgart. The Staatstheater contains an opera house and three smaller theaters, where opera, ballet, theatre and concerts are produced. The
Staatstheater was awarded the title "Theatre of the year" (Germany/Austria/Switzerland) in 2006. The world-renowned Stuttgart Opera won the prestigious "Opera of the year" (Germany/Austria/Switzerland) award six times: 1994, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002 and again in 2006. The famous Stuttgart Ballet is connected to names like
John Cranko and Marcia Haydée. The city also offers two broadway-style Musical theaters, the Apollo and the Palladium Theater (each approx. 1800 seats).
Stuttgart's Swabian cuisine, beer and wine (produced in the area since the 1600s) are also well known. The
Gaisburger Marsch, a stew, was invented in Stuttgarts district Gaisburg. Stuttgart hosts the world-famous annual
Stuttgart Beer Festival; it is second in size only to the Oktoberfest in
Munich. The Christmas Market of Stuttgart is the largest (more than 3.6 million visitors in 2006) and one of the oldest and most beautiful in Europe, especially renowned for the abundant decorations.
Stuttgart is home to the Württembergische Landesbibliothek (WLB) state library.
Stuttgart's city center was heavily damaged during World War II and its aftermath. Nevertheless, many historic buildings have been reconstructed, and the city boasts of some fine pieces of modern post-war architecture.
- 1200 - 1600 Collegiate Church (Stiftskirche; Exterior: Romanesque architecture/Gothic architecture); Interior: Romanesque/Gothic/Modern); reconstructed with simplified interior
- 1300 - 1500 Old Castle (Stuttgart) (Altes Schloß; Renaissance architecture Style); reconstructed
- 1700 - 1800 New Castle (Stuttgart) (Neues Schloß; Baroque / Classicism); reconstructed with modern interior
- 1700 - 1800 Castle Solitude (Baroque / Rococo);
- 1850 King's Building (Königsbau; Classicism); reconstructed
- 1910 Market Hall (Art Nouveau);
- 1920 Main Railway Station (Pre-Modern);
- 1927 Weissenhof Estate (International style (architecture));
- 1950 Fernsehturm Stuttgart (World's First concrete TV Tower);
- 1980 New State Gallery (Neue Staatsgalerie; Postmodernism);
- 2000 Stuttgart Airport (Modern) - located just outside the city in neighboring Leinfelden-Echterdingen
- 2005 Kunstmuseum Stuttgart (Modern).
- 2006 Mercedes-Benz Museum (Modern)
The famous "Wilhelma" is Germany's only combined zoological and botanical garden. The whole compound was built around 1850 as a summer palace in moorish style for King Wilhelm I of
Württemberg. Close to the Wilhelma, there are the Stuttgart city districts of Bad Cannstatt and Berg which are the second largest mineral spas in Europe (only surpassed by Budapest).
Other important towns in the Stuttgart Region are Ludwigsburg with its enormous
Ludwigsburg Palace,
Sindelfingen and Esslingen am Neckar.
Sports
In 1992,
VfB Stuttgart (a leading Fußball-Bundesliga soccer team) claimed the first German Championship title after the reunification of the soccer federations of West and East Germany (its fourth championship overall). The fifth title was won in 2007, celebrated by 250.000 people when bringing the trophy to the city. The team will thus participate in the 2007/08 season of the UEFA Champions League.
The city also has a reputation for organizing other major sports events. It hosted the 1993 World Championships in Athletics and many other world and European championships of all kind of sports. It was one of the twelve host cities of the FIFA World Cup 2006. Six matches, including the 3rd and 4th place playoff were played at the
Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion. Stuttgart is also 2007 "European Capital of Sports" European Capital of Sport 2007, hosting events such as the 2007 World Cycling Championship Road Race and the IAAF_World_Athletics_Final.
Stuttgart's third division football club,
Stuttgarter Kickers, host its matches at a pure football stadium ("Gazi Stadium"), close to the city's TV tower, in the city district of Degerloch. That stadium is also the home ground of the German first division American Football team Stuttgart Scorpions.
Sportfreunde Stuttgart are another lower-division football team. They are most famous for taking part in the
Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy in 1908, considered the first
World Cup. Lipton Trophy
Sister cities
- Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, since 1988
- Cardiff, Wales, since 1955
- St. Louis, Missouri, USA, since 1960
- Strasbourg, France, since 1962
- Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), India, since 1968
- Menzel Bourguiba, Tunisia, since 1971
- Cairo, Egypt, since 1979
- Łódź, Poland, since 1988
- Ogaki, Japan, since 1988
- Brno, Czech Republic, since 1989
Notable residents
Notable people born in Stuttgart or residents who influenced the history of the city:
Gallery
Image:Stuttgart Weinsteige.jpg|City Center seen from Weinsteige RoadImage:Stuttgart SchlossSolitude.jpg|
Castle SolitudeImage:Fernsehturm stuttgart.jpg]Image:S Weissenhof.jpg|The
Weissenhof Estate in 1927
External links
- Official homepage of Stuttgart
- Official Stuttgart Tourist Board
- Stuttgart International Airport
- Stuttgart Public Transportation System
- Stuttgarter Staatstheater official site, including the Staatsoper Stuttgart
- University of Stuttgart-Hohenheim official site
- University of Stuttgart official site
- Stuttgart Media University
- University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart official site
- Evangelische Landeskirche in Württemberg - Stuttgart
- Weissenhof Estate (Gropius, Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe)
- Daimler Stadium Stuttgart official site
- Stuttgart Metropolitan Forum
- War and Holocaust memorials in Stuttgart at the Sites of Memory webpage
References